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Highlights from the 3rd Hydrogen Summer ScH2ool

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Following the success of the previous editions, the Hydrogen Summer School returned for the third consecutive year. The training programme took place from July 7 to 11, 2025, at the University of Western Macedonia (Kozani, Greece). 

The 3rd Hydrogen Summer ScH2ool was organized by the Cluster of Bioeconomy and Environment of Western Macedonia (CluBE), Advent Technologies, the University of Western Macedonia (UoWM), the Centre of Continuing Education and Lifelong Learning (KE.DI.VI.M.) of the University of Western Macedonia, the Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), and with the support of the Region of Western Macedonia. This initiative was implemented within the framework of the European project Green Skills for Hydrogen, funded by the ERASMUS+ program and in collaboration with the European project, i-STENTORE. 

This international training programme was designed for undergraduate and postgraduate students, PhD candidates, researchers, as well as for professionals in the energy sector, technical staff and business executives interested in specializing in the field of hydrogen. 

Exploring the Hydrogen Value Chain

The training programme offered a thorough exploration of the hydrogen value chain through a mix of expert lectures, from academics and representatives of companies, hands-on sessions, lab visits, and an interactive workshop. Participants explored topics such as electrolyser and fuel cell technologies, hydrogen integration into mobility and industrial applications, and policy aspects of hydrogen deployment. 

A core highlight of the week was the specialised pilot training delivered by Advent Technologies. This session provided participants an overview of fuel cell technologies and markets, focusing on High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane (HT-PEM) fuel cells, advanced membrane electrode assemblies, hydrogen and fuel cell applications, Alkaline Electrolyser Cells (AEC), and key aspects of hydrogen economics. The module helped participants understand both the technical and commercial aspects of hydrogen innovation, bridging the gap between research and real-world deployment. 

From theory to practice: Educational visits & Demonstration of an H2-FCEV

The theoretical approach was enriched with an educational visit to the Laboratory of Alternative Fuels and Environmental Catalysis (LAFEC) of the Department of Chemical Engineering of the University of Western Macedonia, offering participants direct contact with the research activity and enhancing the interactivity of the educational programme. 

In addition, during the training a study visit was organised to the premises of the company HORIZON S.A.: Renewable Energy Sources, in Agkistron, Serres, which includes a range of different renewable energy sources as well as energy storage technologies, in collaboration with the European project i-STENTORE and with the support of the Centre for Research & Technology Hellas (CERTH). The visit provided a first-hand look at a Living Lab environment that integrates various renewable energy and storage technologies with hydrogen systems. At the Agkistron site, participants explored cutting-edge infrastructure including PEM electrolyzers, hydrogen storage tanks, fuel cells, photovoltaic systems, lithium-ion battery storage, and biomass gasification units. These technologies operate in combination to demonstrate how hydrogen can be integrated into real-world energy systems. It was a moment of experiential learning that allowed participants to deepen their technical understanding while seeing innovation in motion.

Lastly, as a highlight of the training programme, participants were given the opportunity to experience a live demonstration of the Hyundai NEXO, a hydrogen-powered vehicle. This engaging session offered a practical glimpse into the future of clean mobility solutions. The demonstration included a hands-on test-driving experience, allowing participants to personally explore the vehicle’s innovative technology, smooth performance, and zero-emission operation. 

Building bridges through the “Hydrogen Challenge” workshop

A key part of the programme’s value also came from its commitment to fostering collaboration between the academic and industrial worlds. The “Hydrogen Challenge” workshop was an interactive session that aimed at the active participation of students, researchers and professionals through the practical addressing of challenges posed by companies active in the hydrogen sector. Through collaborative working methods and exchange of ideas, participants were invited to propose solutions and connect with the world of research and industry. These challenges ranged from technical bottlenecks in hydrogen production and storage to broader market or policy-related questions.

This workshop encouraged creativity, problem-solving, and team spirit, while helping participants connect their learning to real needs in the field. It was also an opportunity to engage directly with industry experts, ask questions, and receive feedback, turning the learning process into a two-way exchange. All the ideas and proposals presented during the workshop sparked further discussion and reflected the innovative mindset that the Summer ScH2ool is designed to cultivate.

A platform for Growth, Networking, and Collaboration

More than just a training course, the 3rd Hydrogen Summer ScH2ool functioned as a unique platform for networking and professional growth. Participants had the opportunity to meet peers and experts from various backgrounds and countries, creating a strong foundation for future collaborations. Many of the attendees expressed how the experience not only deepened their technical knowledge but also expanded their professional horizons.

Author(s): Ioanna A. Mikrouli; Vagia Gaidatzi (Cluster of Bioeconomy and Environment of Western Macedonia - CLuBE)

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Advancing Renewable Energy Integration: The Virtual Energy Storage System of Demo 3

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At the core of i-STENTORE’s demonstration activities are five pilots across five European countries, each showcasing innovative combinations of energy storage technologies as key enablers in the transition toward a more sustainable and resilient power grid. This post focuses on Demo 3, Virtual Energy Storage System for Renewable Energy Integration, which is being implemented in Spain, in the province of Granada. 

The demo brings together a diverse group of Spanish partners from academia, industry, and technology, creating a highly effective collaborative environment that supports the successful deployment of the proposed use cases. The University Carlos III of Madrid (UC3M) leads the demo and is responsible for developing and implementing the real-time control system for the storage assets. Cuerva is the Distribution System Operator (DSO) of the local grid. CEN Solutions supplies and integrates the Li-ion battery system, while Aggregering (AGG), an ICT service provider, is developing the demo’s cloud-based digital platform. Finally, the University of Málaga (UMA) is in charge of designing the optimization algorithms that will govern the demo’s operation.

Granada: An Ideal Setting for Renewable Energy Storage Integration

The province of Granada is located in the southeast of Spain, within the region of Andalusia. Its distribution grid is managed by several DSOs, including Cuerva, the DSO representative in the Spanish demo. Cuerva’s network includes over 900 km of distribution lines, more than 500 secondary substations, and two main substations—one of which is connected to the national transmission system (Red Eléctrica). The network serves more than 18,000 supply points, providing electricity to over 50,000 users and delivering an average of 247,000 kWh per day.

Granada offers an ideal context for demonstrating energy storage solutions aimed at facilitating the integration of renewable energy. In 2024 alone, the province added 186 MW of new renewable capacity, and 118 additional renewable energy projects—representing a combined 1,664 MW—are currently under review.

According to the Andalusian Energy Agency, Granada stands out for its high levels of renewable energy production. By the end of 2024, its installed renewable capacity had reached 1,718.8 MW. Of this, photovoltaic solar energy accounts for 46.46%, while wind power represents 23.69%, with the remaining share distributed among other renewable technologies. The breakdown of installed capacity by technology is detailed in the table below:

Table 1 - Renewable energy in Granada (2024)

The continuously increasing injection of renewable energy into the power system presents a major challenge for grid operators, who must integrate new capacity while maintaining stable voltage and frequency levels. Moreover, the weather-dependent and variable nature of renewable generation complicates the controllability of different generation units, as well as the operation and planning of the distribution grid.

Energy storage systems have emerged as a crucial solution to address these challenges, thanks to the advanced control capabilities they provide.

In this context, the province of Granada offers an ideal environment for Demo 3, which integrates two complementary battery energy storage solutions — Lithium-ion and Vanadium Redox Flow technologies — into the distribution grid operated by Cuerva. These storage assets will be managed through a Hierarchical Operation and Control System (HOCS) and connected to a digital platform that delivers Virtual Energy Storage System (VESS) functionalities.

Key Objectives and Operation of Demo 3

Demo 3 aims to demonstrate the coordinated and joint operation of these two energy storage systems, actively participating in energy markets and providing a variety of services to both the DSO and the Transmission System Operator (TSO). The combined operation of these assets is designed to consider the forecasted generation from the associated renewable plants, integrating this data into optimization algorithms that generate optimal participation profiles.

The renewable power plants involved in this demo include a 2 MW photovoltaic (PV) plant, a 2.4 MW wind farm, and a 3 MW run-of-the-river hydroelectric plant.

Figure 1 - Demo 3 overview

Another fundamental element of Demo 3 is its multi-layer control architecture. The upper layer is managed by the demo’s digital platform, which is cloud-based and hosts the optimization engine. This platform facilitates communication between the various components of the demo as well as with the broader i-STENTORE digital ecosystem.

The intermediate layer consists of a central controller responsible for the real-time execution of the demo. It adjusts the output of the storage assets based on actual grid conditions, monitored at the Point of Connection (POC). At the lowest layer, local controllers embedded within the storage systems handle direct control actions.

This architecture has been specifically designed to enable the demonstration of key use cases, including:

  • Participation in the Day-Ahead Market (DAM) for energy arbitrage,
  • Participation in the Tertiary Reserve Market to support the TSO’s frequency regulation system, and
  • Provision of flexibility services to the DSO.

In this context, Demo 3 aims to achieve several core objectives: optimizing storage services by leveraging the complementary characteristics of the technologies integrated into the Virtual Energy Storage System; enhancing the business case for both the energy storage systems and the associated renewable plants; and promoting higher penetration of renewable energy within the grid area supported by the VESS.

Additionally, the demo contributes to improved grid performance through the dynamic and coordinated response of the storage units. It also demonstrates how multiple stakeholders—such as the VESS operator, renewable plant operators, and DSOs—can interact in an open, secure, and efficient manner via the VESS digital platform. Finally, the demo explores how this digital management platform can interface with other data spaces to further improve overall system performance.

In conclusion, Demo 3 represents a significant step forward in demonstrating how advanced energy storage systems, supported by intelligent control and digitalisation, can accelerate the integration of renewable energy into the grid. By showcasing a real-life application in a complex and renewable-rich environment like Granada, this demo not only validates technical solutions but also opens the door to future business models and cooperation frameworks that are essential for a more resilient, flexible, and sustainable energy system.

Author(s): Carolina María Martín Santos (UNIVERSIDAD CARLOS III DE MADRID)

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Advancing Storage Integration: The Deployment of the VRFB at INESC TEC Lab within the i-STENTORE Demo 2 Pilot

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The i-STENTORE project is at the forefront of advancing innovative energy storage technologies to enable higher penetration of renewable energy in isolated systems. Demo 2, focused on Madeira Island, showcases an advanced combination of storage systems, including a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRFB), lithium-ion BESS and pumped hydro, aiming to demonstrate flexibility and resilience in energy management. A crucial milestone in this pilot has been the procurement, assembly and deployment of the VRFB at INESC TEC’s lab facilities, a critical step toward real-world demonstration.

The rationale behind the VRFB in Demo 2

Madeira Island faces unique energy challenges due to its isolated grid, characterized by high reliance on thermal generation and increasing renewable integration. The VRFB was selected to be tested for its potential to offer long-duration storage, support grid stability and enable higher renewable usage without compromising system security.

The VRFB system deployed at INESC TEC features two stacks (each rated at 25 kW), electrolyte tanks, all the required piping and pumping systems and the essential power electronics, including a dedicated power converter. Together, these components form a robust pilot-scale system capable of 50 kW/100 kWh performance.

Figure 1 - Blueprint of the VRFB

The deployment journey

The procurement phase saw some delays, notably in the delivery of essential components such as the container, stacks, tanks and converters. Despite these setbacks, VGCoLAB capitalized on the time by preparing installation procedures and testing protocols.

By January 2025, all components had arrived, and the assembly process began promptly. The VRFB was successfully put together at VGCoLAB, followed by rigorous preliminary tests to ensure basic operational requirements.

Upon assembly, the VRFB was transported to INESC TEC’s facilities. Due to the battery’s size and complexity, the installation demanded significant logistical coordination. A dedicated foundation was prepared to securely host the containerized battery. Heavy-duty trucks with cranes facilitated the careful placement of the container and auxiliary parts.

The system installation was conducted in close collaboration between INESC TEC and VGCoLAB teams, culminating in the successful deployment of the VRFB on-site. This marked a significant milestone, setting the stage for grid code compliance testing and performance assessment.

Figure 2 – Deployment of the VRFB at INESC TEC

Preparing for the next steps: grid code compliance 

Currently, INESC TEC is defining the grid code compliance tests that will be conducted. These tests are critical to ensure the VRFB’s ability to provide essential grid services, such as frequency regulation and voltage support, under Madeira’s grid operational constraints.

Once testing is complete and the VRFB validated, the system will be prepared for shipment to Madeira Island. There, it will be installed at the selected site by EEM (Empresa de Eletricidade da Madeira) and integrated into the local grid. The VRFB will work alongside other storage assets to optimize renewable energy usage and enhance grid reliability.

Figure 3 – Deployment site in the Madeira Island

Towards a sustainable and resilient energy future

The deployment of the VRFB at INESC TEC represents a cornerstone of the i-STENTORE Demo 2 activities. Beyond technical milestones, this achievement reflects strong collaboration across partners and the potential of advanced storage technologies to reshape island energy systems.

As the project advances towards full demonstration in Madeira, the VRFB will play a key role in validating how hybrid energy storage solutions can unlock higher shares of renewables, reduce curtailment and provide essential grid services in isolated and renewable-rich environments.

Author(s): Filipe Soares (INESC TEC)

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Storage Beyond the Grid – Exploring Industrial Applications in Slovenia’s Demo Case 1

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Storage as a Cornerstone of the Energy Transition

As Europe accelerates its shift toward a low-carbon and smarter energy system, energy storage is emerging as a critical enabler of this transformation. From stabilizing power networks to optimizing renewable energy integration, storage technologies are reshaping how electricity is produced, distributed, and consumed. No longer limited to storing surplus energy, modern storage systems are being designed as active, responsive elements within the grid—capable of enhancing reliability, improving power quality, reducing operational costs, and increasing the efficiency and longevity of energy infrastructure.

At the same time, the industrial sector is emerging as a strategic partner in the evolution of energy storage. With high and often continuous energy demands—particularly for thermal energy—industrial processes present valuable opportunities to embed storage solutions directly into operational infrastructure. Thermal storage technologies can enable industries to shift energy consumption, improve efficiency, lower emissions, and even provide flexibility services back to the grid. In this way, storage extends beyond the grid edge, offering cross-sector benefits that support both decarbonization and economic competitiveness.

 

Thermal Energy Storage in the Context of Demo 1

Within this broader framework, Demo Case 1 in Slovenia explores an innovative approach to energy storage through molten glass thermal technology. The demo case features a regenerative U – flame furnace coupled with on – site solar PV generation. 

U – flame (also known as end port) furnaces are advanced and high – efficiency melting systems wildly used in glass manufacturing. Heat is supplied to the furnace through a combination of fossil fuel combustion and electrical boosting. The latter is supplied to the furnace through molybdenum electrodes, which are submerged in the molten glass. By delivering direct energy input to the melt, boosting electrodes help maintain stable furnace temperatures, improve batch-to-melt conversion, and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. While traditional regenerative furnaces utilize electrical boosting at levels ranging from 5 to 10 % of the total energy input, the furnace in demo case 1 is capable of achieving an electric melting share of over 40 %.

This significant share of electrical input creates a strong foundation for integrating thermal storage in the glass industry. By directly linking renewable electricity (PV) to the furnace’s electrical boosting system, the demo enables real-time utilization and storage of surplus solar energy in the form of high temperature molten glass. This approach positions the furnace itself as a dynamic thermal battery, capable of absorbing fluctuating renewable energy and releasing it in a controlled manner during production, thus contributing to both industrial efficiency and energy system flexibility.

 

What We’ve Learned So Far

The full demonstration phase of Demo 1 marked a significant milestone in validating the performance of a hybrid molten glass furnace system integrated with solar PV and thermal storage. Key outcomes included the successful transition to full hybrid operation, achieved by progressively increasing the share of electric boosting while preserving glass quality and maintaining system stability. The integration of advanced modelling tools—covering both PV generation and furnace dynamics—alongside a smart optimization and scheduling framework, enabled efficient energy use, improved cost management, and responsiveness to electricity market signals. Importantly, the system also demonstrated its potential to deliver ancillary services to the grid, such as peak shaving and increased absorption of locally generated renewable energy, showcasing its dual value for both industrial operations and the broader energy system.

 

Looking Ahead

Demo Case 1 has demonstrated that thermal energy storage, when integrated directly into industrial processes, can play a transformative role in the clean energy transition. By harnessing molten glass as both a production material and a thermal storage medium, the Slovenian pilot illustrates how industry can actively support grid flexibility, renewable integration, and operational decarbonization. As the energy landscape continues to evolve, this approach offers a compelling blueprint for how high-temperature industries can become not only energy consumers, but also dynamic energy assets. The lessons learned from this demonstration pave the way for broader adoption of hybrid storage solutions across Europe, where innovation at the intersection of industry and energy will be essential for building a resilient, low-carbon future.

Author(s): Gorazd Krese (HRASTNIK 1860)

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Powering Innovation: Celebrating the Women Driving i-STENTORE’s Energy Transformation

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The i-STENTORE project is at the forefront of revolutionising energy storage, aiming to integrate diverse solutions for a more resilient and efficient grid. But behind this groundbreaking initiative are the brilliant minds driving its success – and a significant portion of those minds belong to women.

In a field historically dominated by men, the women of i-STENTORE are proving that innovation knows no gender. Their expertise, dedication, and unique perspectives are crucial to achieving the project’s ambitious goals: to optimise storage systems, enhance grid stability, and pave the way for a sustainable energy future.

The European Union recognises the vital role women play in research and innovation. As stated by the EU, “At the EU level, only 34% of researchers are women.” This highlights the need to actively promote gender equality in science and technology. i-STENTORE is a testament to the power of diversity, showcasing how women are not just participating, but leading the charge in developing cutting-edge energy solutions.

Let’s celebrate the achievements of women around the world, and specifically, the remarkable women powering the i-STENTORE project. Their dedication and expertise are driving us closer to a sustainable and efficient energy future.

The project’s focus on integrating diverse storage solutions, from stand-alone to hybrid systems, requires a multidisciplinary approach – and the women of i-STENTORE are bringing their diverse skills and knowledge to the table. They are involved in everything from technical development and data analysis to project management and communication, ensuring that i-STENTORE delivers tangible results.

Meet the Women in i-STENTORE

Ourania Markaki

Dr. Ourania Markaki is an Electrical and Computer Engineer and a Senior Research Associate at the Decision Support Systems Laboratory (DSSLab) of the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA). In the i-STENTORE project, she is responsible for the coordination of WP4 – i-STENTORE demonstration across technologies and scenarios, while also leading the NTUA team in the implementation of tasks T3.6 - Implementation of an investment planning tool and T5.1 - Demos’ and Living Lab’s scenarios monitoring and evaluation.

Eleni Papista

As Head of the Clean Technologies & Hydrogen Department and Project Manager, Dr. Eleni Papista provides strategic oversight and ensures the effective execution of CluBE’s activities within the i-STENTORE project. With extensive experience in EU and national clean energy and hydrogen projects, she guides project implementation, fosters collaboration, and oversees dissemination efforts. Beyond i-STENTORE, she plays a key role in advancing clean energy initiatives by aligning project outcomes with industry standards, facilitating knowledge exchange, and developing strategic roadmaps to drive scalability and widespread adoption.

Vagia Gaidatzi

Within the i-STENTORE project, Vagia Gaidatzi, as Project Manager, contributes to the evaluation of the innovation footprint of energy storage solutions and supports the development of the roadmap for scalability and replicability at the EU level. Her role involves assessing demonstration activities, identifying key insights, and applying them to strategies for broader implementation. In addition to her work in i-STENTORE, she is actively engaged in multiple clean energy projects, focusing on the deployment of innovative technologies and the promotion of sustainable energy solutions.

Ioanna Mikrouli

In the i-STENTORE project, Ioanna Mikrouli, as Project Manager, plays a central role in assessing the scalability potential of energy storage solutions and evaluating their long-term impact. She is actively involved in analyzing the innovation footprint and contributing to the roadmap for replication at the EU level. Beyond i-STENTORE, she participates in various projects, driving the development and promotion of clean energy and hydrogen technologies while supporting initiatives that accelerate their deployment and real-world application.

Zsuzsanna Pato

As a senior advisor at RAP, Zsuzsanna's contribution to i-STENTORE is to provide regulatory knowledge on how to integrate storage assets to the power system to improve system efficiency, hence enhancing social welfare.

Ana Luísa Alves

Ana Luísa is an Innovation Projects Manager at F6S Innovation, bringing over a decade of international experience in leading impactful development initiatives. She is also the project manager for the i-STENTORE Project, responsible for Work Package 6, which focuses on dissemination, exploitation, standardization, and impact outreach. With an MSc in Development & International Relations from AAU, Ana spearheads Horizon Europe initiatives, empowering startups and innovators across Europe through funding, talent acquisition, investment, and tailored support.

Maria Monteiro

Maria is Communication Manager at F6S Innovation, working closely with the i-STENTORE Project. Maria Monteiro completed her Marketing degree at the Viseu's School of Technology and Management in July 2019. She began her professional career that same year and later completed a postgraduate course in Digital Marketing at IPAM. As an Advertising and Marketing Specialist, she manages digital communications, creates content, monitors results, and develops communication materials, while maintaining close contact with partners and clients. Maria has also worked in communication and marketing within the Training and Tourism fields.

Joana Dias

Joana Dias is the financial manager of the i-STENTORE Project. At 40 years old, she has two kids and a pet. She takes great pride in being a woman, a mom, and a financial manager. Joana finds her job absolutely amazing. Her responsibilities include managing the budget of the i-STENTORE Project. Every expense that aligns with the project's proposals must be approved by her. Additionally, all expenses incurred within the project must be reported to the European Commission, and that responsibility falls to her.

Carolina M. Martín

Carolina M. Martín obtained her Bachelor's Degree in Energy Engineering from Polytechnic University of Madrid, Spain, in 2020. During her studies, she conducted research at the Department of Automatic, Electrical, and Electronic Engineering and Industrial Computing at the same university. In 2022, she obtained her Master's Degree in Renewable Energies in Electrical Systems from Carlos III University of Madrid, where she is currently pursuing her Ph.D. in the Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Automation Program. She is a researcher in the Power Systems Control Research Group, focusing on converter control and gid management strategies to facilitate the integration of renewable energy. Additionally, she is actively involved in the i-STENTORE project, which pioneers the integration of energy storage systems to enhance grid resilience and optimize energy management.

The Importance of Diversity

The i-STENTORE project underscores the importance of diversity in research and innovation. By fostering an inclusive environment, the project benefits from a wider range of ideas and approaches, leading to more robust and effective solutions.

The EU’s commitment to gender equality in research and innovation is not just a matter of fairness; it’s a matter of necessity. To address the complex challenges facing our world, we need the contributions of all talented individuals, regardless of gender.

Looking to the Future

The women of i-STENTORE are not only shaping the future of energy storage but also inspiring the next generation of female scientists and engineers. Their work demonstrates that women are essential to driving innovation and building a sustainable future.

As i-STENTORE progresses, we look forward to seeing the continued contributions of these remarkable women and the project’s impact on the energy landscape.

Let’s continue to support and celebrate the women in STEM, and work towards creating a more inclusive and equitable research and innovation ecosystem. Let’s pledge to champion gender equality and empower women to lead in all fields of science and technology.

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Demonstration and Evaluation Activities in i-STENTORE

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i-STENTORE introduces an umbrella framework aiming to showcase stand-alone and hybrid storage solutions, highlighting the multi-purpose use of storage, not only as an energy buffer, but also as an active grid component capable of providing services and contributing to grid resilience, stability and efficient operation. The overall i-STENTORE framework will be applied, implemented, and validated in 5 real-life demos, and 1 Living Lab, across 6 countries with different system and actor needs, economic conditions or different climates. The aim of these demos will be twofold: first, demonstrating the i-STENTORE storage technologies’ performance and architecture either as SASSs or HESSs. Second, creating proof of concept on the way that storage technologies can be transformed from passive “energy buffers” into valuable assets that can effectively interact with renewables, specific demand sectors and existing, established infrastructure, offering grid-supporting services. 

Demonstration activities are meant to take place following a three-loop cycle structure that encompasses a Pre-demo phase (M5-M16) involving early technology assessment and experimentation, a Full Demo Operation phase (M21-M25), foreseeing the deployment of the complete i-STENTORE framework within controlled environments at the demo sites and targeting performance and usability testing, as well as a Large Scale Demo Operation phase (M30-M33), entailing the final demo validation, and thereby focusing on scalability testing.

In line with the demonstration activities’ goals and aspirations, evaluation in i-STENTORE will be multi-dimensional, addressing accordingly the different types of outcomes that will derive from the project demos. The specifics of the i-STENTORE demos evaluation, as well as the identification, definition and scheduling of all related activities are prescribed by the i-STENTORE Planning, Measurement and Verification Framework.

The i-STENTORE Planning, Measurement and Verification Framework

The Framework consists of four pillars, two horizontal, i.e. the “Planning” and “Measurement and Verification”, and two vertical ones, namely the “Context, Actors and Infrastructures” and “Risk Analysis and Assessment”. The Planning pillar involves the identification of the demo implementation activities, their structuring into the i-STENTORE double V-model – a V-model (Verification and Validation) approach that takes into account the existence of two demo operation phases, i.e. the Full Demo and Large Scale Demo Operation phases – as well as the integration of the timing dimension that results in the demos’ engagement and implementation plans, which act as the means for tracking and monitoring the demos’ status and progress.

The demo implementation activities are organized into four main streams, namely:

  1. Preparatory activities: these have been initiated since the beginning of the project but will be present throughout the whole duration of the demos’ implementation, as they involve the demo engagement and implementation plans design or update (if applicable), the demo scenarios identification, the KPIs definition and update along with their baseline calculation, as well as the identification and analysis of demo-related risks.
  2. Infrastructure-related activities: these refer to the procurement, installation, development, deployment and integration of the equipment, tools and services, necessary for each demo’s implementation.
  3. Monitoring, Measurement and Evaluation activities: these make up the core of the demos’ implementation and involve operation and testing, data collection and results’ evaluation.
  4. Reporting activities: these correspond to the preparation and compilation of each demo’s deliverables and reports.

i-STENTORE Double V-model

The Measurement and Verification pillar, on the other hand, outlines all details around the evaluation of the i-STENTORE demos, namely the demo evaluation axes, the respective evaluation perspectives, as well as the data collection and evaluation methods. The demo evaluation axes include: 

I. the demos’ actual implementation progress and outcomes 

II. the novel stand alone or Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (HESS) to be implemented and 

III. the digital services to be developed.

Axis I concerns the progress of the demo activities, as well as the demo outputs themselves, the latter being systems, services, business models, collaborations or other outcomes. Axis II reflects the improved features and performance of the novel stand alone or hybrid energy storage systems to be implemented (as compared to the baseline energy storage infrastructure in place or the HESS individual components), whereas Axis III relates to more specific aspects of the digital services to be developed.

Evaluation perspectives in turn involve those of Completion, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Adequacy, Usability and Compatibility and are to be captured via Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and questionnaire-based surveys. KPIs are metrics that derive from the demos’ characteristics and describe how well the latter are progressing according to predefined standards and goals. They are accompanied by a baseline assessment as well as an estimated target value, which are intended to facilitate the quantification of impact of the energy storage technologies and innovative solutions introduced by the i-STENTORE project, enabling the comparison of the ‘as-is’ and ‘to-be’ circumstances for each demo. 

KPIs further follow a classification scheme which enables their categorization into technological (T), economic/financial (EC/F), business (B), environmental (EN), social (S) and governance (G) depending on their scope, as well as into quantitative and qualitative depending on their nature. This classification aims at facilitating the analysis and highlighting specific aspects, depending on the evaluation perspective of interest.

The two vertical pillars, “Context, Actors and Infrastructures” and “Risks Analysis and Assessment” are complementary pillars, allowing determining the context and circumstances under which the demos will operate, and thereby providing input regarding their planning and execution as well as the targets and goals for their evaluation.

Author(s): Ourania Markaki (National Technical University of Athens)

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The importance of Replication and Scalability in i STENTORE

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The global energy landscape is changing rapidly as nations work to integrate renewable  sources, reduce carbon emissions, and strengthen resilience in the sector. This  transformation is supported by the i-STENTORE project, a pioneering European initiative  that showcases innovative Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (HESS). A crucial factor for  the project’s success depends on its commitment to replication and scalability. These  concepts ensure that the project’s outcomes can expand and adapt to diverse  scenarios increasing their impact across Europe. This section explores the importance  of replication and scalability and highlights how i-STENTORE aligns with the European  Union’s broader sustainability goals. 

The value of Replication and Scalability 

Replication and scalability are more than technical objectives, they are the foundation of systemic transformation in the energy sector. Replication enables the application of i STENTORE’s innovative solutions and lessons learnt across different countries, while  scalability allows these to transition from pilot projects to full-scale deployments. These  principles accelerate the transition to cleaner systems, ensuring successful projects  can be expanded to achieve maximum impact. 

Collaboration among partners is essential to achieving replication and scalability. By  bringing together partners, i-STENTORE fosters knowledge exchange, regulatory  alignment, and best practice adoption. This collective effort helps overcome regional  challenges, facilitate the integration of energy storage solutions, and accelerate  deployment. Moreover, strong partnerships enhance co-development and co-financing  opportunities, bridging the gap between innovation and real-world application. The  diverse expertise and resources of these collaborations enhance technical and  economic feasibility while building trust and acceptance within communities, ensuring  long-term sustainability. Through this cooperative approach, i-STENTORE is shaping a  more resilient and interconnected European energy landscape. 

For the EU, achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 under the European Green Deal relies  heavily on scalable and replicable solutions. These approaches minimize resource  waste, maximize financial and technological efficiency, and accelerate the adoption of  renewable technologies. They also improve grid stability, accommodate variable power  sources like solar and wind, and decrease reliance on fossil fuels. 

By considering diverse regulatory frameworks, i-STENTORE’s approach to replication  fosters compliance with EU directives, such as the Renewable Energy Directive (RED II).  This ensures better policy alignment and makes it easier to implement these solutions  across the EU. Additionally, scalable systems contribute to economic growth by creating  jobs, developing local supply chains, and lowering costs for consumers. When solutions  are designed to address regional needs while aligning with EU goals, they not only meet  local energy demands but also enhance innovation and resilience across the continent. 

The i-STENTORE approach to Replication and Scalability 

The i-STENTORE project employs a robust strategy to make its storage solutions  adaptable and widely applicable. By testing its technologies in diverse environments, 

such as urban, rural, and industrial, the project ensures their versatility. For example,  molten glass thermal storage systems and agri-photovoltaic installations with energy  storage capabilities are being evaluated under different conditions to guarantee their adaptability. 

A key element of the project is its emphasis on knowledge sharing and stakeholder  involvement. Through the establishment of Living Lab, i-STENTORE brings together local  stakeholders, policymakers, and technical experts to foster collaboration. These  engagements ensure that solutions are not only effective but also tailored to the unique  requirements of each region. By providing stakeholders with the knowledge and tools to  implement these technologies, the project builds local capacity and promotes long term independence. 

To track progress and optimize solutions, i-STENTORE employs an evaluation framework  based on technological, economic, environmental, social, and governance dimensions,  providing a holistic assessment of the project’s impact. This structured evaluation helps  identify areas for improvement and highlights the benefits of i-STENTORE’s  technologies, making them more appealing to potential adopters. 

One notable example of i-STENTORE’s approach is its regional multiplier study in  Western Macedonia, Greece. The region, historically dependent on lignite-based energy,  faces significant challenges in transitioning to renewables. By addressing these  challenges with tailored solutions, the project demonstrates how its technologies can  drive regional transformations. The study serves as a practical model for replication,  showcasing how innovative storage solutions can be adapted to address local  requirements and accelerate the shift to clean energy. 

Aligning with EU policies and strategies 

Adherence to EU regulations is central to i-STENTORE’s mission, ensuring its energy  storage solutions contribute to Europe’s broader sustainability and climate-neutrality  goals. By focusing on renewable integration, decarbonization, and system flexibility, the  project aligns with key EU strategies to address the challenges of transitioning to clean  systems. Through innovative Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (HESS) and a commitment  to scalability, i-STENTORE not only supports policy objectives but also provides  practical, impactful solutions that drive Europe’s energy transition forward. 

Moreover, i-STENTORE places significant emphasis on building a strong business case  for its energy storage solutions. By demonstrating their cost-effectiveness, operational  efficiency, and long-term benefits, the project attracts both public and private  investments. This economic viability ensures that the solutions are financially  sustainable, paving the way for broader adoption across Europe. 

In summary, replication and scalability are at the core of i-STENTORE’s mission to  revolutionize energy storage. By focusing on these principles, the project ensures its  solutions move beyond pilot phases and make a significant contribution to Europe’s  clean energy transition.  

These efforts demonstrate the transformative potential of scalable and replicable  storage systems. By combining technological innovation with practical applications and  policy alignment, i-STENTORE sets a standard for future initiatives. The project’s work 

highlights the importance of creating solutions that can adapt to diverse needs while  maintaining a focus on sustainability, resilience, and equity. Through these efforts, i STENTORE paves the way for a sustainable future, ensuring its impact endures for  generations to come.

Author(s): Vagia Gaidatzi, Junior Project Manager (CluBE), Ioanna Mikrouli Junior Project Manager (CluBE)

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Applications of Energy Storage Systems in Power Systems – The Case of the Spanish Pilot – Demo 3

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The Role of Energy Storage Systems (ESS) in Electrical Power Systems

In power systems, energy must generally be generated at the same time it is consumed, as any imbalance can lead to stability issues and degradation of grid voltage and frequency.

However, driven by the global transition toward decarbonization and sustainable energy systems, the integration of distributed energy resources into power grids has significantly accelerated over recent decades. As a result of the widespread deployment of renewable energy sources, achieving a balance between generation and demand has become increasingly complex. This challenge arises not only from a technical perspective, concerning the operation of power systems, but also from an economic standpoint, considering electricity markets.

The displacement of conventional synchronous generators—which traditionally provided essential services such as voltage and frequency regulation, inertia, and reactive power support—along with the variability and intermittency inherent in renewable energy sources, introduces a new paradigm. In this context, energy storage systems (ESS) emerge as a viable alternative to address the challenges posed by the evolving models of power systems.

The applications of ESS in power systems can be categorized into energy applications and power applications.

In energy applications, ESS provide services to the electrical power system by exchanging energy with the grid over extended periods, often exceeding 30 minutes. Key energy applications of ESS include load leveling/load shifting, peak shaving, capacity firming, energy arbitrage/energy time-shifting, black start, self-consumption, and fuel savings.

Certain ESS applications, however, require response times ranging from seconds to several minutes. This is the case for power applications, where energy storage systems contribute to ancillary services of short duration. These services, provided by grid agents, ensure reliable and secure operation of the electrical system, maintaining stability under different scenarios. Key power applications include inertia emulation, power quality, voltage support, frequency regulation, smoothing/ramp-rate control, and load following.

Various types of energy storage systems can provide services to power systems, with electrochemical battery storage being one of the most prominent in recent years. Among these, certain technologies are more suitable for specific applications depending on parameters such as power density, energy density, cycle life, or response time.

Energy Storage Systems in the Context of Demo 3

The i-STENTORE project serves as an ideal framework to explore different storage technologies and their role in integrating renewable energy sources. Specifically, the Spanish pilot, Demo 3: Virtual Energy Storage System for Renewable Energy Integration, focuses on two electrochemical battery technologies: lithium-ion batteries (LIB) and vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB).

In recent years, VRFBs have emerged as an optimal choice for large-scale stationary applications due to their particularly favorable characteristics. In these batteries, energy and power are decoupled—energy storage capacity depends on the concentration and volume of the electrolyte fluid, while power rating is defined by the characteristics of the cells in the stack—resulting in high flexibility. Due to their scalability, these batteries are technically and economically advantageous for large-scale energy storage, particularly for applications requiring several hours of storage, such as energy arbitrage. Additionally, VRFBs offer low degradation, long cycle life, and a long overall lifetime, characteristics that are unaffected by a high depth of discharge.

On the other hand, lithium-ion batteries, widely used in portable systems and electric vehicles, are increasingly implemented in stationary applications due to their high power and energy density. The significant price reduction in recent years has further encouraged their adoption, despite occasional increases driven by geopolitical events. Fast charging, high round-trip efficiency, high reliability, and fast response times make LIBs suitable for both power and energy applications. However, proper control and monitoring of their operating conditions is essential to avoid premature degradation and extend their cycle life. Unlike VRFBs, a high depth of discharge negatively affects the overall lifetime of LIBs.

Depending on the sizing and the services required, both technologies exhibit specific characteristics that make them more suitable for particular applications. For this reason, hybridization of VRFBs and LIBs is a potential solution, combining their strengths in power and energy applications, durability, and cost-effectiveness.

Use Cases of Demo 3

Demo 3, located in the province of Granada, southeastern Spain, integrates these two technologies into a digital platform to operate as a Virtual Energy Storage System (VESS). This platform also considers the operation of a hydropower plant, enabling the provision of ancillary and flexibility services to both the Distribution System Operator (DSO) and the Transmission System Operator (TSO), as well as storage services for a photovoltaic (PV) plant and a wind power plant within the same distribution grid.

Based on the technical characteristics of the assets to be installed and the Spanish regulatory framework, three key use cases have been identified:

1. Participation in the Day-Ahead Market for Energy Arbitrage

The first use case involves storing energy during periods of low electricity prices, typically corresponding to low demand, and selling it during high-demand periods at higher prices. Demo 3 focuses on maximizing profits from the participation of the VESS in the Day-Ahead Market, optimizing the state of charge (SOC) of the battery based on forecasts for wholesale market prices and renewable generation from the PV, wind, and hydro power plants within the distribution grid in Granada.

2. Participation in the Tertiary Reserve Market

The second business use case evaluates the benefits of the VESS participating in real balancing markets, specifically the manual Frequency Restoration Reserve (mFRR), also known as the Tertiary Balancing Market. The VESS provides grid support to the TSO, leveraging its technical capabilities to engage in this service. Through manual activation by the System Operator, this service helps maintain system frequency and the balance between generation and demand. It restores the availability of the automatic secondary regulation reserve and returns the system to its normal operating state.

3. Provision of Flexibility Services to the DSO

The third use case focuses on the provision of services to the DSO as a Flexibility Service Provider. This involves mitigating grid congestion and over-voltage events through bilateral contracts between the DSO and the VESS.

By leveraging the capabilities of batteries, grid operators gain a powerful tool to maintain grid parameters at safe and reliable levels. This is particularly critical given the challenges posed by the massive integration of renewable energy into the system, as is the case for the Granada distribution grid where Demo 3 is implemented.

Currently, the use of batteries in power systems is somewhat limited, partly due to uncertainties about return on investment. The use cases of the Spanish demonstrator aim to address these uncertainties and provide empirical data, delivering tangible insights into the viability of storage systems within electricity markets.

Author(s): Carolina María Martín Santos (UC3M)

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Reflecting on a Year of Innovation: The i-STENTORE Project

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As we reach the end of another year, it is a great opportunity to reflect on the significant advancements and achievements made by the i-STENTORE Project. This groundbreaking project has been at the forefront of examining the integration of diverse storage solutions, aiming to revolutionise how we perceive and utilise energy storage within modern power grids.

The Vision of i-STENTORE

The i-STENTORE Project set out with an ambitious vision: to explore and demonstrate the potential of innovative storage systems and their co-operation with integrated assets. The ultimate goals were clear—enhancing reliability, ensuring high power quality, achieving cost-efficient operations, and maximising the lifetime of assets.

Through the introduction of an umbrella framework, i-STENTORE is showcasing both stand-alone and hybrid storage solutions. These efforts have not only highlighted the multi-purpose use of storage but have also positioned storage as an active grid component capable of providing critical services.

Key Achievements of 2024

1. Project Meetings

The i-STENTORE Project held a series of dynamic and collaborative meetings over the year, which were crucial for guiding the project’s direction. This included three Plenary Meetings (Porto, Luxembourg, and Coimbra), several Collaboration Meetings with other projects funded under the same call, as well as meetings focused on energy efficiency initiatives. By prioritising open communication and inclusive participation, the project ensured that all voices were heard, contributing to the refinement of strategies and the successful advancement of the project’s objectives.

2. Demonstration Pilots

The i-STENTORE Project is currently making significant strides through a series of ongoing demonstration pilots that are addressing energy storage challenges across Europe. In Greece, the Living Lab is actively exploring a diverse array of renewable energy sources alongside energy storage technologies. Slovenia’s Demo 1 is in progress, showcasing the potential of Molten Glass Thermal Storage to enhance renewable energy utilization. Meanwhile, Demo 2 in Portugal is working on integrating Pump-Hydro with Battery Energy Storage Systems to improve energy efficiency. Spain’s Demo 3 is in development, aiming to launch a Virtual Energy Storage System that will facilitate the integration of renewable energy. Demo 4 in Italy is focused on creating a Cooperative Modular Multi-hybrid Energy Storage System designed for e-mobility services. Lastly, Demo 5 in Luxembourg is in the process of establishing an Agri-PV Farm with energy storage capabilities, highlighting the agricultural sector’s role in sustainable energy systems. Each of these pilots is generating valuable insights that will inform the ongoing development of future energy storage solutions.

3. Event Participation

The i-STENTORE Project participated in several key events throughout the year to showcase its advancements in energy storage. Highlights include the Lisbon Energy Summit from May 27-29, where they discussed storage integration in power grids, and the PEDG 2024 conference in Luxembourg from June 23-26, focusing on power electronics and energy storage systems. In October, they contributed significantly at ENLIT 2024 in Milan and WEBIT 2024 in Sofia, engaging with global leaders on sustainable energy practices. These events enhanced the project’s visibility and fostered collaboration with industry stakeholders.

4. Energy Talks

The i-STENTORE Project, in collaboration with AGISTIN, SINNOGENES, and 2LIPP, has launched a groundbreaking series of collaborative Energy Talks aimed at transforming knowledge exchange and networking within the energy sector. The series included discussions on a range of pertinent topics, such as the latest advancements in energy storage solutions, strategies for integrating storage with industrial needs and grid codes, the critical role of battery storage in enhancing energy resilience, transitioning to green technologies using existing infrastructure, and assessing the environmental impact of energy storage systems from a life cycle perspective. The upcoming Energy Talk is scheduled for January 29, 2025. Sign up here to secure your spot.

5. Research Articles

The i-STENTORE Project has led to numerous significant scientific publications by its partners, focusing on advancements in energy storage. Key studies include an examination of financial optimization in battery energy storage systems (BESSs), advanced grid management techniques, and the application of AI in predicting hydro reservoir inflows. Additional research covers economic dispatch algorithms for isolated systems, virtual energy storage solutions, and innovative strategies for hybrid systems and multi-use operations. These publications collectively enhance the understanding and application of energy storage technologies. Explore further information about these publications here.

Envisioning the Future

As we look forward to the coming year, the i-STENTORE Project remains committed to pushing the boundaries of energy storage integration. Building on the success of this year, the project aims to further refine its models, expand collaborative efforts, and continue to drive innovation in the field. As we enter the last phases of the project, we will focus on finalising key deliverables, ensuring thorough testing and validation of our solutions. This crucial stage will not only solidify our achievements but also set the groundwork for future advancements in energy storage technology.

Stay tuned for more updates as i-STENTORE continues to lead the charge in redefining energy storage and its role in modern power grids.

Author(s): Maria Monteiro (F6S)

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i-STENTORE Fourth Plenary Meeting

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i-STENTORE Project Successfully Gathers for 4th Plenary Meeting in Coimbra, Portugal

Coimbra, Portugal – December 17-18, 2024 – The i-STENTORE Project, focused on innovative Energy Storage Technologies to enhance renewable energy integration, successfully held its 4th Plenary Meeting at the Instituto Pedro Nunes. The two-day event brought together all project partners to discuss progress, address challenges, and strategise for the upcoming phases of the project.

Day 1 centered on various work packages, including Project Management (WP1), Specification of Energy Storage Flexibility Requirements (WP2), Development and Integration of the i-STENTORE System (WP3), i-STENTORE Demonstration Across Technologies and Scenarios (WP4), Evaluation, Assessment, Replication, and Scalability Potential (WP5), and Dissemination, Exploitation, Standardization, and Impact Outreach (WP6). The consortium collaborated to address challenges, refine specifications, and strategize for the next phases of our project. For WP6, the partners participated in a dedicated brainstorming session to explore and suggest innovative ideas for project promotion and dissemination. Additionally, the progress and next steps for Demo 1: Molten Glass Thermal Storage to Enhance Renewable Energy Adoption in Slovenia and Demo 2: Pump-Hydro Storage System Integrated with BESSs in Portugal were discussed and analised.

On Day 2, attention turned to the other demonstration scenarios, featuring Demo 3: Virtual Energy Storage System for Renewable Energy Integration in Spain, Demo 4: Cooperative Modular Multi-hybrid Energy Storage System for e-mobility services in Italy, and Demo 5: Agri-PV Farm with Energy Storage Capabilities in Luxembourg. The team provided valuable insights, tackled technical challenges, and planned strategies for the effective implementation of these groundbreaking energy solutions.

The Plenary Meeting concluded with strategic planning sessions, fostering alignment among participants on project goals and next steps. The i-STENTORE Project continues to make strides towards revolutionising energy storage technologies and promoting a sustainable future.

Author(s): Maria Monteiro (F6S)

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