Authors: Ángel Paredes, José A. Aguado

Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) provide a crucial solution for mitigating the challenges posed by renewable energy intermittency, concurrently driving down energy costs within wholesale markets. To harness their potential, innovative business models are required for optimal BESS operation and revenue maximisation. This paper addresses this need by proposing a novel revenue stacking approach for the participation in Day-Ahead and automatic Frequency Restoration Reserve (aFRR) markets. By considering the uncertainty in the activation of aFRR events, the proposed model provides real-time delivery guarantees for a given reliability level, while maximising the revenues. The model is built over a novel characterisation of the uncertainty and a tight reformulation of the joint chance-constraints that drive energy and capacity guarantees. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through a case study based on real data from the Belgian market, yielding a 17.3% increase in profits over the individual chance-constraints approach.

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Authors: Carolina M. Martín, Francisco Arredondo, Santiago Arnaltes, Jaime Alonso-Martínez and José Luis Rodríguez Amenedo

This paper proposes a loop-based optimization framework for reactive power management and re-dispatch driven by the exceeding of technical constraints. The proposed setup calculates and updates the set points of power plant controllers in real time while minimizing power losses and redispatch costs and ensuring a stable operation in steady-state. For this purpose, we introduce RTOLab, Real-Time Optimization Laboratory, a real-time (RT) Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) simulation setup designed to test and validate grid management strategies based on real-time optimization in the loop. RTOLab enables the analysis of the interaction between high-level management strategies, which are based on optimization algorithms, and low-level controls pertaining to each asset of the grid. Drawing on the capabilities of RTOLab, this paper explores the reactive power sharing problem by proposing a centralized strategy. This scheme prioritizes minimizing both active power losses and re-dispatch costs updating the active power set points of an Energy Management System (EMS) or market clearing result. The performance of the proposed framework is analyzed through a one-hour simulation in the isolated grid of Fuerteventura Lanzarote islands in the canary archipelago.

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Authors: João Tomé Saraiva, M. F. Almeida, Filipe J. Soares, F. T. Oliveira

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Authors: Ángel Paredes, José A. Aguado, Pedro Rodríguez

Addressing the imperative for climate action requires adaptable energy solutions. Leveraging distributed technology like Virtual Energy Storage Systems (VESSs), the i-STENTORE project aims to pioneer innovative solutions for the widespread deployment of energy storage systems. This paper explores the potential of VESSs to increase the revenue of different distributed renewable technologies in the Iberian Wholesale and manual Frequency Restoration Reserve (mFRR) markets. Research up to date has focused on several market integration aspect of VESSs, yet considering the intricancies of the Iberian market of these technologies remains unexplored. The research aims to provide real-world insights into the potential of VESSs to increase the revenue of these technologies by stacking different services in the Iberian market. The results will show the potential of this demonstrator to increase profits using the concept of VESS and several storage technologies into the Iberian market.

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Authors: Ángel Paredes, José A. Aguado, Philipp Fisch, Patrick Witte, Sebastian Theissen, Pedro Rodríguez

The ever-increasing need for climate action motivates the development of new and flexible energy solutions that adapts to society’s modern energy requirements. The i-STENTORE project aims to pioneer innovative solutions for the widespread deployment of hybrid energy storage systems. This paper investigates the simultaneous provision of flexibility services and hydrogen production within a real-world Luxembourgish hybrid energy system demonstrator, using multi-objective optimisation. While previous research has focused on either flexibility services or hydrogen production individually, this study fills the gap of a comparative analysis of different scenarios that consider trade-offs between these two objectives. The research provides operational insights into strategies for maximising economic viability and sustainability by analysing aspects such as the levelised cost of hydrogen, energy, degradation, and the impact of the battery size. The results show the potential of this demonstrator to provide flexibility to the system without significantly impacting in the hydrogen production.

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Authors: Steffen Kortmann, Johannes Jeup, Constantin Ernst, Florian Schmidtke, Andreas Ulbig

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Authors: Steffen Kortmann, Johannes Jeup, Florian Schmidtke, Andreas Ulbig

Available soon.